Python机器学习NLP自然语言处理基本操作之Seq2seq的用法

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"""Sequence-to-sequence model with an attention mechanism."""

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import random

import numpy as np
from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
import tensorflow as tf

import data_utils

setattr(tf.contrib.rnn.GRUCell, '__deepcopy__', lambda self, _: self)
setattr(tf.contrib.rnn.BasicLSTMCell, '__deepcopy__', lambda self, _: self)
setattr(tf.contrib.rnn.MultiRNNCell, '__deepcopy__', lambda self, _: self)

class Seq2SeqModel(object):
  """Sequence-to-sequence model with attention and for multiple buckets.
  This class implements a multi-layer recurrent neural network as encoder,
  and an attention-based decoder. This is the same as the model described in
  this paper: http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.7449 - please look there for details,
  or into the seq2seq library for complete model implementation.
  This class also allows to use GRU cells in addition to LSTM cells, and
  sampled softmax to handle large output vocabulary size. A single-layer
  version of this model, but with bi-directional encoder, was presented in
    http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0473
  and sampled softmax is described in Section 3 of the following paper.
    http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2007
  """

  def __init__(self,
               source_vocab_size,
               target_vocab_size,
               buckets,
               size,
               num_layers,
               max_gradient_norm,
               batch_size,
               learning_rate,
               learning_rate_decay_factor,
               use_lstm=False,
               num_samples=512,
               forward_only=False,
               dtype=tf.float32):
    """Create the model.
    Args:
      source_vocab_size: size of the source vocabulary.
      target_vocab_size: size of the target vocabulary.
      buckets: a list of pairs (I, O), where I specifies maximum input length
        that will be processed in that bucket, and O specifies maximum output
        length. Training instances that have inputs longer than I or outputs
        longer than O will be pushed to the next bucket and padded accordingly.
        We assume that the list is sorted, e.g., [(2, 4), (8, 16)].
      size: number of units in each layer of the model.
      num_layers: number of layers in the model.
      max_gradient_norm: gradients will be clipped to maximally this norm.
      batch_size: the size of the batches used during training;
        the model construction is independent of batch_size, so it can be
        changed after initialization if this is convenient, e.g., for decoding.
      learning_rate: learning rate to start with.
      learning_rate_decay_factor: decay learning rate by this much when needed.
      use_lstm: if true, we use LSTM cells instead of GRU cells.
      num_samples: number of samples for sampled softmax.   #??
      forward_only: if set, we do not construct the backward pass in the model.
      dtype: the data type to use to store internal variables.
    """
    self.source_vocab_size = source_vocab_size
    self.target_vocab_size = target_vocab_size
    self.buckets = buckets
    self.batch_size = batch_size
    self.learning_rate = tf.Variable(
        float(learning_rate), trainable=False, dtype=dtype)
    self.learning_rate_decay_op = self.learning_rate.assign(
        self.learning_rate * learning_rate_decay_factor)
    self.global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)

    # If we use sampled softmax, we need an output projection.
    output_projection = None
    softmax_loss_function = None
    # Sampled softmax only makes sense if we sample less than vocabulary size.
    if num_samples > 0 and num_samples < self.target_vocab_size:
      w_t = tf.get_variable("proj_w", [self.target_vocab_size, size], dtype=dtype)
      w = tf.transpose(w_t)
      b = tf.get_variable("proj_b", [self.target_vocab_size], dtype=dtype)
      output_projection = (w, b)

      def sampled_loss(labels, logits):
        labels = tf.reshape(labels, [-1, 1])
        # We need to compute the sampled_softmax_loss using 32bit floats to
        # avoid numerical instabilities.
        local_w_t = tf.cast(w_t, tf.float32)
        local_b = tf.cast(b, tf.float32)
        local_inputs = tf.cast(logits, tf.float32)
        return tf.cast(
            tf.nn.sampled_softmax_loss(
                weights=local_w_t,
                biases=local_b,
                labels=labels,
                inputs=local_inputs,
                num_sampled=num_samples,
                num_classes=self.target_vocab_size),
            dtype)
      softmax_loss_function = sampled_loss

    # Create the internal multi-layer cell for our RNN.
    def single_cell():
      return tf.contrib.rnn.GRUCell(size)
    if use_lstm:
      def single_cell():
        return tf.contrib.rnn.BasicLSTMCell(size)
    cell = single_cell()
    if num_layers > 1:
      cell = tf.contrib.rnn.MultiRNNCell([single_cell() for _ in range(num_layers)])

    # The seq2seq function: we use embedding for the input and attention.
    def seq2seq_f(encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, do_decode):
      return tf.contrib.legacy_seq2seq.embedding_attention_seq2seq(
          encoder_inputs,
          decoder_inputs,
          cell,
          num_encoder_symbols=source_vocab_size,
          num_decoder_symbols=target_vocab_size,
          embedding_size=size,
          output_projection=output_projection,
          feed_previous=do_decode,
          dtype=dtype)

    # Feeds for inputs.   从这边可以看出不同bucket是共用一组参数
    self.encoder_inputs = []
    self.decoder_inputs = []
    self.target_weights = []
    for i in xrange(buckets[-1][0]):  # Last bucket is the biggest one.
      self.encoder_inputs.append(tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[None],
                                                name="encoder{0}".format(i)))
    for i in xrange(buckets[-1][1] + 1): # 因为增加了“go”标志
      self.decoder_inputs.append(tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[None],
                                                name="decoder{0}".format(i)))
      self.target_weights.append(tf.placeholder(dtype, shape=[None],
                                                name="weight{0}".format(i)))

    # Our targets are decoder inputs shifted by one. decoder_inputs[0]没有用
    targets = [self.decoder_inputs[i + 1]
               for i in xrange(len(self.decoder_inputs) - 1)]

    # Training outputs and losses.
    '''
    lambda x, y的x是指encoder_inputs，y是指decoder_inputs
    '''
    if forward_only:
      self.outputs, self.losses = tf.contrib.legacy_seq2seq.model_with_buckets(
          self.encoder_inputs, self.decoder_inputs, targets,
          self.target_weights, buckets, lambda x, y: seq2seq_f(x, y, True),
          softmax_loss_function=softmax_loss_function)
      # If we use output projection, we need to project outputs for decoding.
      if output_projection is not None:
        for b in xrange(len(buckets)):
          self.outputs[b] = [
              tf.matmul(output, output_projection[0]) + output_projection[1]
              for output in self.outputs[b]
          ]
    else:
      self.outputs, self.losses = tf.contrib.legacy_seq2seq.model_with_buckets(
          self.encoder_inputs, self.decoder_inputs, targets,
          self.target_weights, buckets,
          lambda x, y: seq2seq_f(x, y, False),
          softmax_loss_function=softmax_loss_function)

    # Gradients and SGD update operation for training the model.
    params = tf.trainable_variables()
    if not forward_only:
      self.gradient_norms = []
      self.updates = []
      opt = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(self.learning_rate)
      for b in xrange(len(buckets)):
        gradients = tf.gradients(self.losses[b], params)
        clipped_gradients, norm = tf.clip_by_global_norm(gradients,
                                                         max_gradient_norm)
        self.gradient_norms.append(norm)
        self.updates.append(opt.apply_gradients(
            zip(clipped_gradients, params), global_step=self.global_step))

    self.saver = tf.train.Saver(tf.global_variables())

  def step(self, session, encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, target_weights,
           bucket_id, forward_only):
    """Run a step of the model feeding the given inputs.
    Args:
      session: tensorflow session to use.
      encoder_inputs: list of numpy int vectors to feed as encoder inputs.
      decoder_inputs: list of numpy int vectors to feed as decoder inputs.
      target_weights: list of numpy float vectors to feed as target weights.
      bucket_id: which bucket of the model to use.
      forward_only: whether to do the backward step or only forward.
    Returns:
      A triple consisting of gradient norm (or None if we did not do backward),
      average perplexity, and the outputs.
    Raises:
      ValueError: if length of encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, or
        target_weights disagrees with bucket size for the specified bucket_id.
    """
    # Check if the sizes match.
    encoder_size, decoder_size = self.buckets[bucket_id]
    #encoder_inputs的shape为(encoder_size,batch_size)
    if len(encoder_inputs) != encoder_size:
      raise ValueError("Encoder length must be equal to the one in bucket,"
                       " %d != %d." % (len(encoder_inputs), encoder_size))
    if len(decoder_inputs) != decoder_size:
      raise ValueError("Decoder length must be equal to the one in bucket,"
                       " %d != %d." % (len(decoder_inputs), decoder_size))
    if len(target_weights) != decoder_size:
      raise ValueError("Weights length must be equal to the one in bucket,"
                       " %d != %d." % (len(target_weights), decoder_size))

    # Input feed: encoder inputs, decoder inputs, target_weights, as provided.
    input_feed = {}
    for k in xrange(encoder_size):
      input_feed[self.encoder_inputs[k].name] = encoder_inputs[k]
    for k in xrange(decoder_size):
      input_feed[self.decoder_inputs[k].name] = decoder_inputs[k]
      input_feed[self.target_weights[k].name] = target_weights[k]

    # Since our targets are decoder inputs shifted by one, we need one more.
    last_target = self.decoder_inputs[decoder_size].name
    input_feed[last_target] = np.zeros([self.batch_size], dtype=np.int32)

    # Output feed: depends on whether we do a backward step or not.
    if not forward_only:
      output_feed = [self.updates[bucket_id],  # Update Op that does SGD.
                     self.gradient_norms[bucket_id],  # Gradient norm.
                     self.losses[bucket_id]]  # Loss for this batch.
    else:
      output_feed = [self.losses[bucket_id]]  # Loss for this batch.
      for l in xrange(decoder_size):  # Output logits.
        output_feed.append(self.outputs[bucket_id][l])

    outputs = session.run(output_feed, input_feed)
    if not forward_only:
      return outputs[1], outputs[2], None  # Gradient norm, loss, no outputs.
    else:
      return None, outputs[0], outputs[1:]  # No gradient norm, loss, outputs.
  
  '''
  根据指定bucket_id，产生batch_encoder_inputs和batch_decoder_inputs
  这里batch_encoder_inputs和batch_decoder_inputs的shape都由原来的(batch_size,encoder_size) 
  变为(encoder_size,batch_size)，方便进行batch训练
  '''
  def get_batch(self, data, bucket_id):
    """Get a random batch of data from the specified bucket, prepare for step.
    To feed data in step(..) it must be a list of batch-major vectors, while
    data here contains single length-major cases. So the main logic of this
    function is to re-index data cases to be in the proper format for feeding.
    Args:
      data: a tuple of size len(self.buckets) in which each element contains
        lists of pairs of input and output data that we use to create a batch.
      bucket_id: integer, which bucket to get the batch for.
    Returns:
      The triple (encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs, target_weights) for
      the constructed batch that has the proper format to call step(...) later.
    """
    encoder_size, decoder_size = self.buckets[bucket_id]
    encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs = [], []

    # Get a random batch of encoder and decoder inputs from data,
    # pad them if needed, reverse encoder inputs and add GO to decoder.
    for _ in xrange(self.batch_size):
      encoder_input, decoder_input = random.choice(data[bucket_id])

      # Encoder inputs are padded and then reversed.
      encoder_pad = [data_utils.PAD_ID] * (encoder_size - len(encoder_input))
      encoder_inputs.append(list(reversed(encoder_input + encoder_pad)))

      # Decoder inputs get an extra "GO" symbol, and are padded then.
      decoder_pad_size = decoder_size - len(decoder_input) - 1
      decoder_inputs.append([data_utils.GO_ID] + decoder_input +
                            [data_utils.PAD_ID] * decoder_pad_size)

    # Now we create batch-major vectors from the data selected above.
    batch_encoder_inputs, batch_decoder_inputs, batch_weights = [], [], []

    # Batch encoder inputs are just re-indexed encoder_inputs.
    #encoder_inputs的shape为(batch_size,encoder_size) 
    #batch_encoder_inputs的shape为(encoder_size,batch_size)
    for length_idx in xrange(encoder_size):
      batch_encoder_inputs.append(
          np.array([encoder_inputs[batch_idx][length_idx]
                    for batch_idx in xrange(self.batch_size)], dtype=np.int32))

    # Batch decoder inputs are re-indexed decoder_inputs, we create weights.
    for length_idx in xrange(decoder_size):
      batch_decoder_inputs.append(
          np.array([decoder_inputs[batch_idx][length_idx]
                    for batch_idx in xrange(self.batch_size)], dtype=np.int32))

      # Create target_weights to be 0 for targets that are padding.
      batch_weight = np.ones(self.batch_size, dtype=np.float32)
      for batch_idx in xrange(self.batch_size):
        # We set weight to 0 if the corresponding target is a PAD symbol.
        # The corresponding target is decoder_input shifted by 1 forward.
        if length_idx < decoder_size - 1:
          target = decoder_inputs[batch_idx][length_idx + 1]
          #如果到底decoder的最后一个单词或target为pad,则不需要比较，即不考虑这一部分的损失函数
        if length_idx == decoder_size - 1 or target == data_utils.PAD_ID:
          batch_weight[batch_idx] = 0.0
      batch_weights.append(batch_weight) #shape为(encoder_size,batch_size)
    return batch_encoder_inputs, batch_decoder_inputs, batch_weights