集群运维自动化工具ansible的安装与使用（包括模块与playbook使用）
更新时间：2014年07月14日 16:06:10 投稿：hebedich
Ansible是一款很好的基于ssh方案的，替代品，他能够大大简化Unix管理员的自动化配置管理与流程控制方式。它利用推送方式对客户系统加以配置，这样所有工作都可在主服务器端完成。
10、优化ansible-playbook运行时间
默认playbook是进行客户端fact搜集，一般如果你配置里没有使用fact的话，可以关闭这样就能减少运行时间
没有优化的时候
[root@puppet ansible]# cat shell.yml --- - hosts: vpn remote_user: test # gather_facts: False tasks: - name: echo hi shell: echo "hi" [root@puppet ansible]# time ansible-playbook shell.yml -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). SSH password: PLAY [vpn] ******************************************************************** GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [echo hi] *************************************************************** changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 real 0m8.396s user 0m0.796s sys 0m0.158s [root@puppet ansible]# time ansible-playbook shell.yml -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). SSH password: PLAY [vpn] ******************************************************************** GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [echo hi] *************************************************************** changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 real 0m3.309s user 0m0.724s sys 0m0.108s [root@puppet ansible]# time ansible-playbook shell.yml -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). SSH password: PLAY [vpn] ******************************************************************** GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [echo hi] *************************************************************** changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 real 0m3.409s user 0m0.716s sys 0m0.099s
可以看到第一次8s，后2次都是3s
下面是优化后（未使用fact）
[root@puppet ansible]# cat shell.yml --- - hosts: vpn remote_user: test gather_facts: False tasks: - name: echo hi shell: echo "hi" [root@puppet ansible]# time ansible-playbook shell.yml -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). SSH password: PLAY [vpn] ******************************************************************** TASK: [echo hi] *************************************************************** changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 real 0m2.758s user 0m0.585s sys 0m0.096s [root@puppet ansible]# time ansible-playbook shell.yml -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). SSH password: PLAY [vpn] ******************************************************************** TASK: [echo hi] *************************************************************** changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 real 0m2.359s user 0m0.565s sys 0m0.077s
运行时间就是2s
11、自定义模块
默认的模块放到/usr/share/ansible
在这个目录创建一个目录hostname，然后把下面文件放到此目录
15:03:26 # cat /usr/share/ansible/hostname/hostname
#!/bin/bash
#This script is modify system hostname
set -e
# This is potentially dangerous
source ${1}
OLDHOSTNAME="$(hostname)"
CHANGED="False"
if [ ! -z "$hostname" -a "${hostname}x" != "${OLDHOSTNAME}x" ];
then
hostname $hostname
OLDHOSTNAME="$hostname"
CHANGED="True"
fi
echo "hostname=${OLDHOSTNAME} changed=${CHANGED}"
exit 0
查看一下vpn的当前hostname
15:03:29 # ansible vpn -m shell -a "hostname" -u test --private-key=denglei -k SSH password: 172.17.0.10 | success | rc=0 >> ip-10-10-32-34
然后编写playbook
15:04:14 # cat /etc/ansible/hostname.yml - name: Test the hostname file hosts: vpn tasks: - name: Set the hostname hostname: hostname=ip-10-10-32-34
运行这个模块
15:04:37 # ansible-playbook hostname.yml -u test --private-key=denglei -M /usr/share/ansible/hostname -k SSH password: PLAY [Test the hostname file] ************************************************* GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [Set the hostname] ****************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
然后修改一下hostname.yml的主机名
16:20:00 # cat hostname.yml - name: Test the hostname file hosts: vpn tasks: - name: Set the hostname hostname: hostname=ip-10-10-32-34-test
在playbook运行
16:26:46 # ansible-playbook hostname.yml -u test --private-key=denglei -M /usr/share/ansible/hostname -k -K -s SSH password: sudo password [defaults to SSH password]: PLAY [Test the hostname file] ************************************************* GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [Set the hostname] ****************************************************** changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 root@ip-10-10-10-10:/etc/ansible 16:26:55 # ansible vpn -m shell -a "hostname" -u test --private-key=denglei -k SSH password: 172.17.0.10 | success | rc=0 >> ip-10-10-32-34-test
12、playbook扩展var
扩展var就是在playbook的yml里写入变量，在执行的时候制定变量从而执行，大大的提供了重复使用率
下面做个测试
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible vpn -m shell -a "ls -l /tmp/" -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k SSH password: 172.17.0.10 | success | rc=0 >> total 96 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 41692 May 21 13:02 config -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1228 Jun 12 18:24 install_pptpd_vpn.sh -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7 Jun 13 19:33 server -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 14 17:07 server-test -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 01:44 test-server-1 -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-2 -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 82 Jun 12 18:21 test.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 290 Jun 12 18:21 test.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2444 Apr 28 2012 vpn_centos6.sh -rw------- 1 root root 727 Jun 10 18:21 yum_save_tx-2014-06-10-18-21UrqDAp.yumtx -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 4664 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.log -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 5 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.pid
可以看到有test-server-1文件
在看看playbook文件内容
[root@puppet ansible]# cat delete_vars.yml
---
- hosts: {{host}}
remote_user: {{user}}
gather_facts: {{gather}}
tasks:
- name: if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-1
shell: rm -rf /tmp/test-server-1
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat"
执行前先检测一下语法是否有问题，使用--synctax-check
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible-playbook delete_vars.yml --private-key=/root/denglei --extra-vars "host=vpn user=test gather=False" -k --syntax-check
[WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding
timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update
it (ie. yum update gmp).
ERROR: Syntax Error while loading YAML script, delete_vars.yml
Note: The error may actually appear before this position: line 2, column 11
---
- hosts: {{host}}
^
This one looks easy to fix. YAML thought it was looking for the start of a
hash/dictionary and was confused to see a second "{". Most likely this was
meant to be an ansible template evaluation instead, so we have to give the
parser a small hint that we wanted a string instead. The solution here is to
just quote the entire value.
For instance, if the original line was:
app_path: {{ base_path }}/foo
It should be written as:
app_path: "{{ base_path }}/foo"
We could be wrong, but this one looks like it might be an issue with
missing quotes. Always quote template expression brackets when they
start a value. For instance:
with_items:
- {{ foo }}
Should be written as:
with_items:
- "{{ foo }}"
This one looks easy to fix. YAML thought it was looking for the start of a
hash/dictionary and was confused to see a second "{". Most likely this was
meant to be an ansible template evaluation instead, so we have to give the
parser a small hint that we wanted a string instead. The solution here is to
just quote the entire value.
For instance, if the original line was:
app_path: {{ base_path }}/foo
It should be written as:
app_path: "{{ base_path }}/foo"
可以看到有问题
解决方法是把var的变量前后添加""或者''
[root@puppet ansible]# cat delete_vars.yml
---
- hosts: "{{host}}"
remote_user: "{{user}}"
gather_facts: "{{gather}}"
tasks:
- name: if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-1
shell: rm -rf /tmp/test-server-1
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat"
然后再检测一下
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible-playbook delete_vars.yml --private-key=/root/denglei --extra-vars "host=vpn user=test gather=False" -k --syntax-check [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). playbook: delete_vars.yml
没有问题了，在运行一下
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible-playbook delete_vars.yml --private-key=/root/denglei --extra-vars "host=vpn user=test gather=False" -k
[WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding
timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update
it (ie. yum update gmp).
SSH password:
PLAY [vpn] ********************************************************************
TASK: [if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-1] ************************
fatal: [172.17.0.10] => error while evaluating conditional: ansible_os_family == "RedHat"
FATAL: all hosts have already failed -- aborting
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************
to retry, use: --limit @/root/delete_vars.retry
172.17.0.10 : ok=0 changed=0 unreachable=1 failed=0
无法运行，原因是我yml里制定了获取fact信息后，判断如果是redhat系列系统才删除，而我在运行的指定不收集fact，下面在指定收集fact
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible-playbook delete_vars.yml --private-key=/root/denglei --extra-vars "host=vpn user=test gather=True" -k [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). SSH password: PLAY [vpn] ******************************************************************** GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-1] ************************ changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
可以看到运行成功了
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible vpn -m shell -a "ls -l /tmp/" -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k SSH password: 172.17.0.10 | success | rc=0 >> total 92 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 41692 May 21 13:02 config -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1228 Jun 12 18:24 install_pptpd_vpn.sh -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7 Jun 13 19:33 server -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 14 17:07 server-test -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-2 -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 82 Jun 12 18:21 test.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 290 Jun 12 18:21 test.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2444 Apr 28 2012 vpn_centos6.sh -rw------- 1 root root 727 Jun 10 18:21 yum_save_tx-2014-06-10-18-21UrqDAp.yumtx -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 4664 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.log -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 5 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.pid
文件删除了
13、tags
使用tag可以让playbook选择性的运行程序
查看一下客户端情况
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible vpn -m shell -a "ls -l /tmp/" -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k SSH password: 172.17.0.10 | success | rc=0 >> total 92 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 41692 May 21 13:02 config -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1228 Jun 12 18:24 install_pptpd_vpn.sh -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7 Jun 13 19:33 server -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 14 17:07 server-test -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-2 -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 82 Jun 12 18:21 test.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 290 Jun 12 18:21 test.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2444 Apr 28 2012 vpn_centos6.sh -rw------- 1 root root 727 Jun 10 18:21 yum_save_tx-2014-06-10-18-21UrqDAp.yumtx -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 4664 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.log -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 5 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.pid
带有tag的yml文件
[root@puppet ansible]# cat delete_vars_tags.yml
---
- hosts: "{{host}}"
remote_user: "{{user}}"
gather_facts: "{{gather}}"
tasks:
- name: if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-1
shell: rm -rf /tmp/test-server-1
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat"
tags: server-1
- name: if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-2
shell: rm -rf /tmp/test-server-2
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat"
tags: server-2
做一下错误检测
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible-playbook delete_vars_tags.yml --private-key=/root/denglei --extra-vars "host=vpn user=test gather=True" --tags server-2 -k --syntax-check [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). playbook: delete_vars_tags.yml
没问题在运行
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible-playbook delete_vars_tags.yml --private-key=/root/denglei --extra-vars "host=vpn user=test gather=True" --tags server-2 -k [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). SSH password: PLAY [vpn] ******************************************************************** GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-2] ************************ changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
查看一下客户端的文件情况
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible vpn -m shell -a "ls -l /tmp/" -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k SSH password: 172.17.0.10 | success | rc=0 >> total 88 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 41692 May 21 13:02 config -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1228 Jun 12 18:24 install_pptpd_vpn.sh -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7 Jun 13 19:33 server -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 14 17:07 server-test -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 82 Jun 12 18:21 test.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 290 Jun 12 18:21 test.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2444 Apr 28 2012 vpn_centos6.sh -rw------- 1 root root 727 Jun 10 18:21 yum_save_tx-2014-06-10-18-21UrqDAp.yumtx -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 4664 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.log -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 5 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.pid
从上面测试可以看到，如果playbook使用了tag，并且在运行中指定tag，那么运行的时候仅允许此tag的信息
下面是测试运行时候不带tag的情况
先创建文件
[root@puppet ansible]# cat copy.yml
---
- hosts: vpn
remote_user: test
tasks:
- name: copy local server to client /tmp/server-test
template: src=/tmp/server dest=/tmp/test-{{item}}
with_items:
- server-1
- server-2
- server-3
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible-playbook copy.yml --private-key=/root/denglei -k
[WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding
timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update
it (ie. yum update gmp).
SSH password:
PLAY [vpn] ********************************************************************
GATHERING FACTS ***************************************************************
ok: [172.17.0.10]
TASK: [copy local server to client /tmp/server-test] **************************
changed: [172.17.0.10] => (item=server-1)
changed: [172.17.0.10] => (item=server-2)
ok: [172.17.0.10] => (item=server-3)
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************
172.17.0.10 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible vpn -m shell -a "ls -l /tmp/" -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k
SSH password:
172.17.0.10 | success | rc=0 >>
total 96
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 41692 May 21 13:02 config
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1228 Jun 12 18:24 install_pptpd_vpn.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7 Jun 13 19:33 server
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 14 17:07 server-test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 19 19:02 test-server-1
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 19 19:02 test-server-2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 82 Jun 12 18:21 test.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 290 Jun 12 18:21 test.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2444 Apr 28 2012 vpn_centos6.sh
-rw------- 1 root root 727 Jun 10 18:21 yum_save_tx-2014-06-10-18-21UrqDAp.yumtx
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 4664 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.log
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 5 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.pid
然后再不指定tag运行
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible-playbook delete_vars_tags.yml --private-key=/root/denglei --extra-vars "host=vpn user=test gather=True" -k [WARNING]: The version of gmp you have installed has a known issue regarding timing vulnerabilities when used with pycrypto. If possible, you should update it (ie. yum update gmp). SSH password: PLAY [vpn] ******************************************************************** GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-1] ************************ changed: [172.17.0.10] TASK: [if system is centos,then rm /tmp/test-server-2] ************************ changed: [172.17.0.10] PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 172.17.0.10 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 [root@puppet ansible]# ansible vpn -m shell -a "ls -l /tmp/" -u test --private-key=/root/denglei -k SSH password: 172.17.0.10 | success | rc=0 >> total 88 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 41692 May 21 13:02 config -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1228 Jun 12 18:24 install_pptpd_vpn.sh -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7 Jun 13 19:33 server -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 14 17:07 server-test -rw-rw-r-- 1 test test 7 Jun 18 00:50 test-server-3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 82 Jun 12 18:21 test.log -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 290 Jun 12 18:21 test.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2444 Apr 28 2012 vpn_centos6.sh -rw------- 1 root root 727 Jun 10 18:21 yum_save_tx-2014-06-10-18-21UrqDAp.yumtx -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 4664 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.log -rw-rw-r-- 1 zabbix zabbix 5 Jun 14 00:30 zabbix_agentd.pid
可以看到如果不知道tag，那么运行的时候，会全部运行。
FAQ：
1、出现Error: ansible requires a json module, none found!
SSH password:
172.17.0.4 | FAILED >> {
"failed": true,
"msg": "Error: ansible requires a json module, none found!",
"parsed": false
}
原因是python版本过低，要不升级python要不就安装python-simplejson，下面是官方的话
On the managed nodes, you only need Python 2.4 or later, but if you are running less than Python 2.5 on the remotes, you will also need:
安装完成后，在查看
SSH password:
172.17.0.4 | success >> {
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
2、默认ansible是使用key验证的，如果使用密码登陆的服务器，使用ansible的话，要不修改ansible.cfg配置文件的ask_pass = True给取消注释，要不就在运行命令时候加上-k，这个意思是-k, --ask-pass ask for SSH password
3、如果客户端不在know_hosts里将会报错
paramiko: The authenticity of host '172.17.0.5' can't be established. The ssh-rsa key fingerprint is 397c139fd4b0d763fcffaee346a4bf6b. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
如果想解决此问题，需要修改ansible.cfg的#host_key_checking = False取消注释
4、如果出现
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible zabbix -m shell -a "echo $TERM" -u denglei --private-key=/root/denglei 172.17.0.2 | FAILED => FAILED: not a valid DSA private key file 172.17.0.4 | FAILED => FAILED: not a valid DSA private key file
需要你在最后添加参数-k
[root@puppet ansible]# ansible zabbix -m shell -a "echo $TERM" -u denglei --private-key=/root/denglei -k SSH password: 172.17.0.2 | success | rc=0 >> xterm 172.17.0.4 | success | rc=0 >> xterm
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