分析MySQL中索引引引发的CPU负载飙升的问题
收到一个mysql服务器负载告警,上去一看,load average都飙到280多了,用top一看,CPU跑到了336%,不过IO和内存的负载并不高,根据经验,应该又是一起索引引起的惨案了。
看下processlist以及slow query情况,发现有一个SQL经常出现,执行计划中的扫描记录数看着还可以,单次执行耗时为0.07s,还不算太大。乍一看,可能不是它引发的,但出现频率实在太高,而且执行计划看起来也不够完美:
mysql> explain SELECT count(1) FROM a , b WHERE a.id = b.video_id and b.state = 1 AND b.column_id = '81'\G
*************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: b type: index_merge possible_keys: columnid_videoid,column_id,state,video_time_stamp,idx_videoid key: column_id,state key_len: 4,4 ref: NULL rows: 100 Extra: Using intersect(column_id,state); Using where *************************** 2. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: a type: eq_ref possible_keys: PRIMARY key: PRIMARY key_len: 4 ref: b.video_id rows: 1 Extra: Using where; Using index
再看下该表的索引情况:
mysql> show index from b\G
*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: b Non_unique: 0 Key_name: PRIMARY Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 167483 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: b Non_unique: 1 Key_name: column_id Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: column_id Collation: A Cardinality: 8374 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 3. row *************************** Table: b Non_unique: 1 Key_name: state Seq_in_index: 2 Column_name: state Collation: A Cardinality: 5 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment:
可以看到执行计划中,使用的是index merge,效率自然没有用联合索引(也有的叫做覆盖索引)来的好了,而且 state 字段的基数(唯一性)太差,索引效果很差。删掉两个独立索引,修改成联合看看效果如何:
mysql> show index from b;
*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: b Non_unique: 0 Key_name: PRIMARY Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 128151 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: b Non_unique: 1 Key_name: idx_columnid_state Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: column_id Collation: A Cardinality: 3203 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 3. row *************************** Table: b Non_unique: 1 Key_name: idx_columnid_state Seq_in_index: 2 Column_name: state Collation: A Cardinality: 3463 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: mysql> explain SELECT count(1) FROM a , b WHERE a.id = b.video_id and b.state = 1 AND b.column_id = '81' \G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: b type: ref possible_keys: columnid_videoid,idx_videoid,idx_columnid_state key: columnid_videoid key_len: 4 ref: const rows: 199 Extra: Using where *************************** 2. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: a type: eq_ref possible_keys: PRIMARY key: PRIMARY key_len: 4 ref: b.video_id rows: 1 Extra: Using where; Using index
可以看到执行计划变成了只用到了 idx_columnid_state 索引,而且 ref 类型也变成了 const,SQL执行耗时也从0.07s变成了0.00s,相应的CPU负载也从336%突降到了12%不到。
总结下,从多次历史经验来看,如果CPU负载持续很高,但内存和IO都还好的话,这种情况下,首先想到的一定是索引问题,十有八九错不了。
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