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SQL Server数据库命令整理大全

 更新时间：2024年05月07日 11:00:21   作者：极致人生-010  
刚开始学数据库,可能一下子记不住那么多的命令,或者命令太多,容易混淆,不知道如何选择最合适的那一条,所以我在这里整理好了一份经常会用到的一些,这篇文章主要给大家介绍了关于SQL Server数据库命令整理大全的相关资料,需要的朋友可以参考下

SQL Server 中包含了大量的命令用于数据库的管理、查询和操作。以下是一些主要命令分类及其简要示例：

1. 数据库管理

  • 创建数据库
CREATE DATABASE MyDatabase;
  • 删除数据库
DROP DATABASE MyDatabase;
  • 选择/切换当前数据库
USE MyDatabase;

2. 表操作

  • 创建表
CREATE TABLE Employees (
    EmployeeID int PRIMARY KEY,
    FirstName nvarchar(50),
    LastName nvarchar(50),
    HireDate datetime
);
  • 插入数据
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, HireDate)
VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', '2023-01-01');
  • 更新数据
UPDATE Employees
SET FirstName = 'Jane'
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
  • 删除数据
DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
  • 修改表结构
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD DepartmentID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Departments(DepartmentID);

3. 查询数据

  • 基本查询
SELECT * FROM Employees;
  • 条件查询
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;
  • 排序查询
SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY HireDate DESC;
  • 聚合函数查询
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees;
  • 分组查询
SELECT DepartmentID, COUNT(*) AS CountOfEmployees
FROM Employees
GROUP BY DepartmentID;

4. 连接查询

  • 内连接
SELECT E.FirstName, D.DepartmentName 
FROM Employees E
INNER JOIN Departments D ON E.DepartmentID = D.DepartmentID;

5. 存储过程与函数

  • 创建存储过程
CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeesByDepartment @deptId INT
AS
BEGIN
    SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = @deptId;
END
  • 调用存储过程
EXEC GetEmployeesByDepartment 2;
  • 创建用户定义函数
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.GetTotalEmployees(@deptId INT) RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN
    RETURN (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = @deptId);
END
  • 使用函数
SELECT dbo.GetTotalEmployees(2) AS TotalEmpInDept2;

6. 视图

  • 创建视图
CREATE VIEW EmployeeNames AS
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees;
  • 查询视图
SELECT * FROM EmployeeNames;

7. 索引

  • 创建索引
CREATE INDEX IX_Employees_DepartmentID ON Employees (DepartmentID);
  • 删除索引
DROP INDEX IX_Employees_DepartmentID ON Employees;

8. 其他常用命令

  • 事务控制
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
-- 执行一系列操作...
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
  • 备份还原
BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase TO DISK = 'C:\backup\MyDatabase.bak';
RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase FROM DISK = 'C:\backup\MyDatabase.bak';

9. 用户与权限管理

  • 创建登录账户
CREATE LOGIN NewUser WITH PASSWORD = 'StrongPassword!';
  • 创建数据库用户并映射到登录名
CREATE USER UserForDB FOR LOGIN NewUser;
ALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER UserForDB; -- 给予读权限
ALTER ROLE db_datawriter ADD MEMBER UserForDB; -- 给予写权限
  • 撤销用户对数据库的访问
DROP USER UserForDB;
  • 授予、拒绝或撤销权限
GRANT SELECT ON Employees TO UserForDB;
DENY UPDATE ON Employees TO UserForDB;
REVOKE DELETE ON Employees FROM UserForDB;

10. 数据备份与恢复

  • 完整数据库备份
BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase
TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase.bak'
WITH FORMAT, MEDIANAME = 'MyDatabase_Full', NAME = 'Full Backup';
  • 差异备份
BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase
TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase_diff.bak'
WITH DIFFERENTIAL, FORMAT, MEDIANAME = 'MyDatabase_Diff', NAME = 'Differential Backup';
  • 事务日志备份
BACKUP LOG MyDatabase
TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase_log.trn'
WITH NOFORMAT, NOINIT, NAME = N'MyDatabase_LogBackup', SKIP, NOREWIND, NOUNLOAD, STATS = 10;
  • 还原数据库
RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase
FROM DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase.bak'
WITH FILE = 1, NOUNLOAD, REPLACE, STATS = 5;

11. 系统函数与信息查询

  • 查询当前数据库版本
SELECT @@VERSION;
  • 查询表结构信息
sp_help 'Employees';
  • 获取当前时间
SELECT GETDATE() AS CurrentDateTime;

12. 其他高级特性

  • 窗口函数
SELECT 
    EmployeeID, 
    FirstName, 
    Salary,
    AVG(Salary) OVER (PARTITION BY DepartmentID) AS AvgSalaryInDept
FROM Employees;
  • CTE（公用表表达式）
WITH EmpSalaries AS (
    SELECT EmployeeID, Salary
    FROM Employees
)
SELECT * FROM EmpSalaries WHERE Salary > (SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM EmpSalaries);

13. 分区表

  • 创建分区函数
CREATE PARTITION FUNCTION pf_EmployeesRange (int)
AS RANGE RIGHT FOR VALUES 
(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015);
  • 创建分区方案
CREATE PARTITION SCHEME ps_Employees 
AS PARTITION pf_EmployeesRange 
TO (
    [PrimaryFileGroup], 
    [SecondaryFileGroup1],
    [SecondaryFileGroup2],
    [SecondaryFileGroup3]
);
  • 创建分区表
CREATE TABLE PartitionedEmployees (
    EmployeeID int PRIMARY KEY,
    HireDate int NOT NULL
) ON ps_Employees(HireDate);

14. 高级查询操作

  • 联合查询（UNION、UNION ALL）
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;
  • INTERSECT和EXCEPT操作
SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1
INTERSECT
SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;

SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1
EXCEPT
SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;

15. 复制与同步

  • 使用SQL Server Replication进行数据复制这涉及到一系列复杂的配置步骤，包括发布设置、订阅设置、代理设置等。

16. 异步处理与作业调度

  • 创建SQL Server Agent作业
USE msdb;
GO
EXEC sp_add_job @job_name=N'MyBackupJob', 
                @enabled=1, 
                @description='Daily backup job';
GO

-- 添加作业步骤
EXEC sp_add_jobstep @job_name=N'MyBackupJob', 
                   @step_name=N'Backup Database',
                   @subsystem=N'TSQL', 
                   @command=N'BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase TO DISK = ''C:\Backup\MyDatabase.bak'';',
                   @retry_attempts=5, 
                   @retry_interval=5;
GO

-- 启用作业调度
EXEC dbo.sp_add_schedule
    @schedule_name = N'DailyAtMidnight',
    @freq_type = 4, -- 每日
    @freq_interval = 1, -- 每天运行一次
    @active_start_time = 000000; -- 在午夜开始

-- 将作业与调度关联
EXEC sp_attach_schedule
    @job_name = N'MyBackupJob', 
    @schedule_name = N'DailyAtMidnight';
GO

17. 查询执行计划

  • 查看查询执行计划
-- 在查询语句前添加EXPLAIN 或者 SET SHOWPLAN_ALL ON
SET SHOWPLAN_ALL ON;
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1;
SET SHOWPLAN_ALL OFF;

-- 或使用图形化方式查看
-- 在SQL Server Management Studio中，运行查询后右键选择"包括实际执行计划"
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1;

18. 引用外部数据

  • OPENROWSET函数读取文件
SELECT *
FROM OPENROWSET('Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0', 'Text;Database=C:\Data;HDR=YES;FMT=Delimited', 'SELECT * FROM [Employees.txt]');
  • 链接服务器
-- 创建链接服务器
EXEC sp_addlinkedserver @server = N'MyLinkedServer', @srvproduct=N'OtherDB', @provider=N'SQLNCLI', @datasrc=N'ServerName\InstanceName';

-- 使用链接服务器查询数据
SELECT * 
FROM MyLinkedServer.RemoteDB.dbo.Employees;

19. 动态SQL

  • 构建并执行动态SQL语句
DECLARE @DepartmentID INT = 1;
DECLARE @SQL NVARCHAR(MAX) = N'SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = ' + CAST(@DepartmentID AS NVARCHAR(10));
EXEC sp_executesql @SQL;

20. 自增序列与标识符

  • 创建带有自增列的表
CREATE TABLE Orders (
    OrderID INT IDENTITY(1,1),
    CustomerID INT,
    OrderDate DATE,
    PRIMARY KEY (OrderID)
);

21. 数据类型转换

  • 显式转换
SELECT CAST('1234' AS INT), CONVERT(INT, '1234');

22. CASE表达式和IIF函数

  • CASE表达式
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName,
    CASE WHEN Salary > 50000 THEN 'High'
         WHEN Salary > 30000 THEN 'Medium'
         ELSE 'Low'
    END AS SalaryLevel
FROM Employees;
  • IIF函数（SQL Server 2012及以上版本）
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName,
    IIF(Salary > 50000, 'High', IIF(Salary > 30000, 'Medium', 'Low')) AS SalaryLevel
FROM Employees;

23. 数据库快照

  • 创建数据库快照
CREATE DATABASE MyDatabase_snapshot ON 
    (NAME = MyDatabase, FILENAME = 'C:\Snapshots\MyDatabase_snapshot.ss')
AS SNAPSHOT OF MyDatabase;
  • 从快照恢复数据
RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase FROM DATABASE_SNAPSHOT = 'MyDatabase_snapshot';

总结 

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